Shared here are study notes based on the “Development” chapter from the CBSE Class 10 NCERT Economics Textbook. These notes are designed for revision purposes for the Class 10 Social Science Board Exams. Click to access more study resources.
Notes Based on the Chapter: Development
Introduction to Development
- Development refers to the aspirations and goals of individuals and societies to improve their quality of life.
- It considers economic growth, equality, security, freedom, and respect for individuals.
- Development is a complex process, involving diverse perspectives and goals.
Key Concepts
- Different People, Different Goals
- Individuals and groups have varied notions of development based on their needs and life situations.
- Examples:
- Landless labourers may desire employment and fair wages.
- A rural woman might aspire to gender equality and education.
- Industrialists may seek infrastructure expansion like dams, which might conflict with the needs of displaced tribal communities.
- Development for one group may be detrimental to another, highlighting conflicting goals.
- Income and Non-Income Goals
- Income is crucial, but people also value non-material aspects like:
- Equality
- Security
- Freedom
- Respect
- Non-material aspects often play a more significant role in enhancing quality of life.
- Income is crucial, but people also value non-material aspects like:
- National Development
- Perspectives on national development differ:
- Some emphasize economic indicators like per capita income.
- Others focus on education, health, and environmental sustainability.
- Fair and just paths for development require consideration of equitable benefits for all.
- Perspectives on national development differ:
Measuring Development
- Per Capita Income (PCI):
- Average income of a country calculated as total income divided by population.
- Used by the World Bank to classify countries:
- High-income countries: PCI above USD 49,300 (2019).
- Low-income countries: PCI below USD 2,500 (2019).
- Example: India’s PCI in 2019 was USD 6,700, placing it in the low-middle-income group.
- Limitations of PCI
- Average income does not reflect income distribution.
- Example: Two countries with the same average income might differ significantly in income equality.
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- Introduced by UNDP, HDI measures development using:
- Health (life expectancy)
- Education (mean years of schooling)
- Income (GNI per capita).
- Example Data (2021):
- India: HDI rank 132, GNI per capita USD 6,590, life expectancy 67.2 years.
- Sri Lanka (HDI rank 73) outperforms India in all parameters despite lower economic size.
- Introduced by UNDP, HDI measures development using:
Beyond Economic Indicators
- Development also considers:
- Public Facilities:
- Access to education and healthcare can vary significantly, as seen in the comparison of states like Kerala (low infant mortality, high literacy) and Haryana (higher income but poorer public services).
- Sustainability:
- Resources must be used judiciously to ensure long-term development.
- Issues like overuse of groundwater and depletion of non-renewable resources like crude oil emphasize the importance of sustainable practices.
- Public Facilities:
Sustainability of Development
- Sustainable development ensures resource availability for future generations.
- Examples:
- Overuse of groundwater threatens agricultural productivity in India.
- Global crude oil reserves are limited, creating challenges for energy security.
Important Terms & Definitions
- Development: Development is defined as growth. Some of the important goals are, seeking more income, equal treatment, freedom, security, respect from others, etc.
- Income and Other Goals: One would consider earning more income, being a common factor among people. With this income, they buy services and goods for their daily needs.
- National Development: National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve the lives of its citizens. Measures of improvement may be material, such as availability of healthcare, etc.
- Average Income: Average income is earned per person in a given area.
- Infant Mortality Rate: Infant Mortality Rate is the number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live births in a given geographical area during a given year.
- Literacy Rate: Literacy rate is the total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged seven years or above who can read and write with understanding.
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in the particular year.
- Net Attendance Ratio: Net Attendance ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of people in the official age-group attending any educational institution in a particular class-group to the total number of people in the age-group.
- Sustainable Development: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- UNDP: United Nations Development programme is an institution to measure the development of different countries.
- Human Development Index: Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries in four tiers of human development.
