Get here Notes based on the chapter “Industries” in Class 8 NCERT Geography textbook. These Notes cover the whole chapter with important note points. Click here for more study materials.
1. What is an Industry?
- Industry refers to the economic activity involving the production of goods, extraction of minerals, or provision of services.
- Examples: Iron and Steel industry (goods), coal mining industry (mineral extraction), tourism (services).
2. Classification of Industries
- Based on Raw Materials:
- Agro-based: Use plant and animal products (e.g., food processing, dairy).
- Mineral-based: Use mineral ores (e.g., iron, coal).
- Marine-based: Use sea products (e.g., seafood processing).
- Forest-based: Use forest products (e.g., paper, furniture).
- Based on Size:
- Small-scale: Less capital, fewer workers (e.g., cottage industries).
- Large-scale: More capital and technology, large production (e.g., automobile manufacturing).
- Based on Ownership:
- Private Sector: Owned by individuals or groups (e.g., Maruti Udyog).
- Public Sector: Owned by the government (e.g., Steel Authority of India).
- Joint Sector: Owned by both the state and private individuals (e.g., Maruti Udyog).
- Cooperative Sector: Owned by producers or workers (e.g., Anand Milk Union Limited).
3. Factors Affecting Industrial Location
- Availability of raw materials, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport, and market.
- Government incentives for industries in backward areas.
4. Industrial System
- Inputs: Raw materials, labour, and infrastructure.
- Processes: Activities that convert raw materials into finished products.
- Outputs: Final product and income earned.
5. Industrial Regions
Industrial Regions are areas where several industries are located close to each other for mutual benefit.
- World: Eastern North America, Europe, Eastern Asia.
- India: Mumbai-Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu, Kolkata region.
6. Industrial Disasters
- Examples: Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984) due to a chemical leak, and Gao Qiao Gas Blowout (2005) in China.
- Risk Reduction Measures:
- Separate industries from residential areas,
- improve fire safety,
- limit toxic storage.
7. Major Industries in the World
- Iron and Steel Industry: Backbone of modern industry, located in countries like Germany, USA, China.
- Inputs: Iron ore, coal, limestone.
- Process: Smelting and refining.
- Outputs: Steel used in machinery, buildings, and vehicles.
- Textile Industry: Converts raw cotton into fabric. Concentrated in India, Hong Kong, and Japan.
- Information Technology: Emerging industry in Silicon Valley (USA) and Bangalore (India).
8. Iron and Steel Industry
- Raw materials: Iron ore, coal, and limestone.
- Process: Iron ore is smelted in a blast furnace to produce steel.
- Steel is used in construction, machinery, and transportation (ships, cars, etc.).
- In India, key steel centers include Bhilai, Durgapur, and Jamshedpur.
9. Case Study: Jamshedpur
- The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was set up in 1907 at Sakchi (now Jamshedpur) for easy access to resources like coal and iron ore.
