The Pot Maker Summary, Characters and Notes | Class 9 Kaveri

This study guide on The Pot Maker (Class 9 English Kaveri) covers the detailed summary (Part I & Part II), character sketches, themes, message, important lines, vocabulary with meanings, competency-based assessments. This post provides everything you need to understand the lesson thoroughly and score well in examinations.

Video Explanation of ‘The Pot Maker’ from Class 9 Kaveri

About the Story

The Pot Maker by Temsula Ao is the story of Sentila, a young girl who dreams of becoming a pot maker despite her mother’s wish that she learn weaving. Through determination, patience, observation, and continuous practice, she overcomes failures and eventually masters the art of pottery. The story also highlights the importance of preserving traditional skills and passing them on to future generations.

How the story connects to real life!

The story closely reflects real life. Many students have dreams and interests that may differ from what others expect of them. Like Sentila, people often face challenges, failures, and discouragement before achieving success. The story teaches us that passion, perseverance, and proper guidance can help us realise our true potential. It also reminds us to respect and preserve traditional knowledge, crafts, and skills that form an important part of our cultural heritage.

Detailed Summary of The Pot Maker

Part I: Sentila’s Dream and the Struggles of Pot Making

Sentila’s Secret Dream

Sentila loved pottery from a very young age. She dreamed of becoming a skilled pot maker like her mother, Arenla, and her grandmother. However, Arenla wanted her daughter to learn weaving instead because it was easier and more profitable. Knowing her mother’s opinion, Sentila kept her interest in pottery a secret and spent her free time watching expert potters at work.

Arenla’s Reasons for Opposing Pot Making

One night, Sentila overheard her mother talking about the hardships of pottery. Arenla explained that collecting clay required travelling a long distance to the riverbank and carrying heavy loads uphill. The clay had to be softened through hard labour, and the process of making pots took months. Despite all the effort, the income was very small. In contrast, weaving could be done indoors throughout the year and earned better money. This is why Arenla wanted Sentila to become a weaver.

Sentila Learns by Observation

Even though her mother discouraged pottery, Sentila continued visiting potters. She carefully observed every step of the process. She watched how clay was mixed with water, pounded, shaped, and turned into beautiful pots with the help of a spatula. She was fascinated by the transformation of a shapeless lump of clay into a finished pot. She also learned about drying and firing the pots in a kiln, a process that required great care and skill.

Concern of the Village Elders

As Sentila’s visits to the potters became widely known, people in the village began discussing the matter. They worried that traditional skills might disappear if artisans refused to teach the younger generation. The village council called Sentila’s father, Mesoba, and questioned him about Arenla’s unwillingness to teach her daughter.

Mesoba respectfully explained that Sentila had been ill and that she would soon learn pottery. The elders reminded him that traditional skills such as pottery belonged to the community and represented its culture, history, and identity. They stressed that such skills should be passed on to anyone willing to learn. After this discussion, Mesoba shared the council’s concerns with Arenla.

Part II: Sentila’s Training, Success, and the Birth of a New Pot Maker

Learning Directly from Her Mother

The following year, Arenla finally began teaching Sentila. She took her to the riverbank and showed her how to collect clay, prepare it, and turn it into soft dough. Sentila quickly learned these basic tasks. However, when it came to shaping the clay into pots, she failed repeatedly. For almost a year she practised under her mother’s guidance but could not master the skill. She felt ashamed and frustrated by her lack of progress.

Onula’s Encouragement and Guidance

Later, Sentila stayed in a girls’ dormitory according to local custom. There she met Onula, a kind widow who had heard about her struggles. One evening, Onula saw Sentila trying unsuccessfully to make a pot. She realised that the girl was too tense and lacked confidence.

Onula patiently demonstrated the correct technique and encouraged Sentila to try again. With this support, Sentila successfully made a beautiful pot. Onula then advised her to observe her mother carefully, especially the way she shaped the mouth and rim of the pot. This advice proved very important in Sentila’s learning journey.

Careful Observation Leads to Improvement

Following Onula’s advice, Sentila paid close attention to her mother’s movements. She noticed how Arenla held the clay, used the spatula, controlled the rhythm of her work, and shaped the rim. Through careful observation, she gradually understood the finer details of the craft. Her determination and patience helped her prepare for the breakthrough she had been waiting for.

Sentila Finally Masters the Craft

One sunny day, Arenla and Sentila began making pots early in the morning. After completing her own batch, Arenla complained of a headache and backache and asked Sentila to continue alone. Sentila reluctantly took over but soon found herself working smoothly and confidently. She shaped pot after pot with remarkable speed and skill. By the end of the session, she had made only one pot fewer than her mother. Without realising it, she had finally mastered the art of pottery.

Arenla’s Death and Sentila’s Realisation

Excited by her achievement, Sentila went inside the house to share the moment with her mother. To her shock, she found Arenla lying motionless on the floor. Arenla had died. Grief-stricken, Sentila cried out that she had never wanted things to happen this way and begged her mother’s forgiveness. She seemed to understand that her mother had deliberately stepped aside so that Sentila could discover her own ability and confidence.

Onula’s Discovery

After Arenla’s funeral, Onula entered the work shed and saw two neat rows of freshly made pots standing side by side. She could not distinguish Sentila’s pots from Arenla’s. The quality and craftsmanship were identical. Onula immediately realised that something extraordinary had happened. She understood that Sentila had successfully inherited her mother’s skill and become a true pot maker.

Conclusion: A New Pot Maker is Born

The story ends with the powerful line, “A new pot maker was born.” This signifies Sentila’s transformation from an eager learner into a skilled artisan. Through perseverance, observation, practice, and guidance, she fulfilled her dream. The ending also highlights the importance of preserving traditional skills and passing them from one generation to the next.

Hindi Summary of ‘The Pot Maker’

भाग – 1 : सेंटिला का सपना और मिट्टी के बर्तन बनाने की कठिनाइयाँ

सेंटिला का गुप्त सपना

सेंटिला बचपन से ही अपनी माँ अरेनला और दादी की तरह एक कुशल कुम्हार (Pot Maker) बनना चाहती थी। उसे मिट्टी के बर्तन बनाना बहुत पसंद था। लेकिन उसकी माँ चाहती थी कि वह बुनाई (Weaving) सीखे, क्योंकि उससे अधिक आय होती थी। इसलिए सेंटिला ने अपने मन की बात घर पर किसी को नहीं बताई और मौका मिलने पर गाँव के कुशल कुम्हारों को काम करते हुए देखने लगी।

अरेनला की सोच

एक रात सेंटिला ने अपने माता-पिता की बातचीत सुन ली। अरेनला बता रही थी कि मिट्टी के बर्तन बनाना बहुत कठिन और थकाने वाला काम है। मिट्टी लाने के लिए दूर नदी किनारे जाना पड़ता है और भारी मिट्टी ढोकर लानी पड़ती है। मिट्टी को तैयार करने और बर्तन बनाने में महीनों लग जाते हैं, लेकिन बदले में बहुत कम पैसे मिलते हैं। दूसरी ओर, बुनाई घर के अंदर की जा सकती है, उसमें कम समय लगता है और आय भी अधिक होती है। इसलिए वह चाहती थी कि सेंटिला बुनाई सीखे।

कुम्हारों को देखकर सीखना

माँ के विरोध के बावजूद सेंटिला का उत्साह कम नहीं हुआ। वह लगातार कुम्हारों को काम करते हुए देखती रही। उसने ध्यान से देखा कि मिट्टी को पानी के साथ मिलाकर कैसे गूँथा जाता है, उसे कैसे आकार दिया जाता है और स्पैटुला की मदद से सुंदर बर्तन कैसे बनाए जाते हैं। वह मिट्टी के एक साधारण ढेले को सुंदर बर्तन में बदलते देखकर मंत्रमुग्ध हो जाती थी। उसने यह भी सीखा कि बर्तनों को धूप में सुखाकर भट्ठी (Kiln) में पकाया जाता है।

गाँव के बुज़ुर्गों की चिंता

धीरे-धीरे पूरे गाँव में यह चर्चा होने लगी कि सेंटिला को उसकी माँ बर्तन बनाना क्यों नहीं सिखा रही है। गाँव वालों को डर था कि यदि कारीगर अपनी कला अगली पीढ़ी को नहीं सिखाएँगे, तो यह परंपरा समाप्त हो जाएगी।

इसलिए गाँव की परिषद (Village Council) ने सेंटिला के पिता मेसोबा को बुलाया और उनसे स्पष्टीकरण माँगा। मेसोबा ने विनम्रता से कहा कि सेंटिला अभी बीमारी से उबर रही है और जल्द ही वह यह कला सीख लेगी। बुज़ुर्गों ने समझाया कि मिट्टी के बर्तन बनाने जैसी पारंपरिक कलाएँ किसी एक व्यक्ति की संपत्ति नहीं होतीं। वे पूरे समाज की सांस्कृतिक धरोहर होती हैं और उन्हें आगे की पीढ़ियों तक पहुँचाना हर कारीगर का कर्तव्य है।

भाग – 2 : प्रशिक्षण, सफलता और एक नए कुम्हार का जन्म

माँ से प्रशिक्षण

अगले वर्ष अरेनला ने सेंटिला को मिट्टी लाना, उसे तैयार करना और गूँथना सिखाना शुरू किया। सेंटिला ने ये काम बहुत जल्दी सीख लिए। लेकिन जब बर्तन को आकार देने की बारी आई, तो वह बार-बार असफल हो गई। लगभग एक वर्ष तक अभ्यास करने के बाद भी वह अच्छी तरह बर्तन नहीं बना सकी। इससे वह निराश और शर्मिंदा महसूस करने लगी।

ओनुला का सहयोग

कुछ समय बाद सेंटिला परंपरा के अनुसार लड़कियों के छात्रावास में रहने गई। वहाँ उसकी मुलाकात ओनुला नामक एक दयालु विधवा महिला से हुई। एक दिन ओनुला ने देखा कि सेंटिला अकेले बर्तन बनाने की कोशिश कर रही है, लेकिन असफल हो रही है।

ओनुला ने समझ लिया कि सेंटिला बहुत तनाव में है और आत्मविश्वास की कमी के कारण सफल नहीं हो पा रही। उसने उसे सही तरीका दिखाया और दोबारा प्रयास करने के लिए प्रेरित किया। इस बार सेंटिला ने एक सुंदर बर्तन बना लिया। ओनुला ने उसे सलाह दी कि वह अपनी माँ के हाथों की गतिविधियों को ध्यान से देखे, विशेषकर बर्तन का मुँह और किनारा बनाते समय।

ध्यानपूर्वक अवलोकन

इसके बाद सेंटिला ने अपनी माँ के हर काम को बहुत ध्यान से देखना शुरू कर दिया। उसने देखा कि माँ मिट्टी को कैसे पकड़ती है, स्पैटुला का उपयोग कैसे करती है और बर्तन के किनारे को कैसे आकार देती है। लगातार निरीक्षण और अभ्यास से वह धीरे-धीरे इस कला के रहस्यों को समझने लगी।

सेंटिला की सफलता

एक दिन धूप निकलने पर अरेनला और सेंटिला ने जल्दी काम शुरू किया। कुछ समय बाद अरेनला ने सिर और पीठ में दर्द होने की बात कहकर सेंटिला को अकेले काम जारी रखने को कहा।

सेंटिला ने काम शुरू किया और देखते ही देखते एक के बाद एक बर्तन बनाती चली गई। उसके हाथों में वही गति, संतुलन और कौशल आ गया था जो उसने अपनी माँ में देखा था। दिन के अंत में उसने पाया कि उसने अपनी माँ से केवल एक बर्तन कम बनाया है। आखिरकार उसने बर्तन बनाने की कला में महारत हासिल कर ली थी।

अरेनला की मृत्यु

अपनी सफलता से उत्साहित सेंटिला जब घर के अंदर गई, तो उसने अपनी माँ को फर्श पर निश्चल पड़ा पाया। अरेनला की मृत्यु हो चुकी थी। सेंटिला दुख से भर उठी और रोते हुए अपनी माँ से क्षमा माँगने लगी। उसे लगा कि उसकी माँ ने जानबूझकर उसे अकेले काम करने का अवसर दिया था ताकि वह अपनी क्षमता को पहचान सके।

ओनुला की खोज

अगले दिन ओनुला कार्यशाला में गई। वहाँ उसने दो कतारों में रखे नए बर्तनों को देखा। वह यह पहचान नहीं सकी कि कौन-से बर्तन अरेनला ने बनाए थे और कौन-से सेंटिला ने। दोनों की कला और गुणवत्ता एक जैसी थी। तभी उसे एहसास हुआ कि सेंटिला अब सचमुच एक कुशल कुम्हार बन चुकी है।

निष्कर्ष : एक नए कुम्हार का जन्म

कहानी का अंत इस पंक्ति से होता है— “A new pot maker was born.” (एक नए कुम्हार का जन्म हुआ।)

इसका अर्थ है कि सेंटिला अब केवल सीखने वाली लड़की नहीं रही, बल्कि एक कुशल कुम्हार बन चुकी थी। उसकी लगन, धैर्य, निरंतर अभ्यास और सही मार्गदर्शन ने उसके सपने को सच कर दिया। साथ ही, कहानी यह संदेश देती है कि पारंपरिक कलाओं और कौशलों को अगली पीढ़ी तक पहुँचाना अत्यंत आवश्यक है, क्योंकि यही किसी समाज की संस्कृति और पहचान को जीवित रखते हैं।

The Pot Maker: Character Sketches of Major Characters

Character Sketch of Sentila

Main Keywords: Determined, Passionate, Hardworking, Observant, Persistent, Dedicated, Quick Learner, Courageous

Sentila is the central character of the story. She is a determined and passionate girl who dreams of becoming a pot maker like her mother and grandmother. Despite knowing that her mother wants her to learn weaving, she never gives up her desire to learn pottery. She secretly watches expert potters and carefully observes every step of the process. Her determination is evident when she continues practising even after repeated failures.

Sentila is also hardworking and persistent. She spends years trying to master the craft and does not lose hope despite her lack of success. She is a quick learner who improves through careful observation and practice. Her courage, patience, and dedication finally help her become a skilled pot maker. Sentila represents the power of perseverance and the importance of following one’s dreams.

Character Sketch of Arenla

Main Keywords: Skilled, Hardworking, Practical, Caring, Responsible, Selfless, Traditional

Arenla is Sentila’s mother and an expert pot maker. She is a hardworking and skilled artisan who has spent many years practising her craft. She understands the difficulties of pottery and knows that it requires immense physical labour while providing very little income. Because of this practical outlook, she wants Sentila to learn weaving instead of pottery.

Although Arenla appears strict, she is a caring and responsible mother. She wants a better and more comfortable future for her daughter. She eventually agrees to teach Sentila and patiently guides her through the process. Her final actions suggest her selflessness and deep love for her daughter. Through her guidance, Sentila inherits the traditional skill that has been passed down through generations. Arenla symbolizes dedication to craft and parental sacrifice.

Character Sketch of Onula

Main Keywords: Kind, Supportive, Encouraging, Wise, Helpful, Understanding, Compassionate

Onula is a kind-hearted widow who plays a crucial role in Sentila’s success. She understands Sentila’s struggle and recognises that the girl’s problem is not a lack of ability but a lack of confidence. Instead of criticising her, Onula encourages and guides her with patience.

She is wise and understanding. She teaches Sentila the correct technique and advises her to observe her mother carefully. Her encouragement gives Sentila the confidence she needs to succeed. Onula is also compassionate and supportive, always willing to help others. At the end of the story, she is the only person who fully understands the significance of Sentila’s achievement. She represents the importance of mentorship and encouragement in learning.

Character Sketch of Mesoba

Main Keywords: Supportive, Respectful, Responsible, Understanding, Peace-loving

Mesoba is Sentila’s father. Though he is not a major character, he plays an important role in supporting his family. He is respectful and responsible, especially when he appears before the village council. He explains the situation calmly and protects his wife from criticism.

Mesoba is understanding and supportive of both Arenla and Sentila. He listens to the concerns of the village elders and discusses the matter with Arenla. His balanced and peace-loving nature helps maintain harmony in the family. He represents responsibility and respect for community traditions.

Character Sketch of the Village Elders

Main Keywords: Wise, Responsible, Traditional, Far-sighted, Community-minded

The village elders are the guardians of the community’s traditions and values. They are wise and far-sighted people who understand the importance of preserving traditional skills. When they learn that Sentila is not being taught pottery, they become concerned about the future of the craft.

They believe that cultural knowledge belongs to the entire community and should be passed on to future generations. Their actions show responsibility and concern for society. They encourage the sharing of knowledge and ensure that valuable traditions are not lost. The elders symbolize the collective wisdom and cultural heritage of the community.

Message of the Story

Main Keywords: Perseverance, Passion, Hard Work, Traditional Skills, Determination, Mentorship, Cultural Heritage

The story conveys that dreams can be achieved through determination, hard work, and perseverance. Sentila succeeds because she never gives up despite repeated failures. The story also highlights the importance of guidance and encouragement, as Onula’s support helps Sentila gain confidence. Another important message is that traditional skills and cultural heritage should be preserved and passed on to future generations. Through Sentila’s journey, the author shows that true success comes from passion, patience, continuous learning, and dedication to one’s goal.

Impactful Phrases and Lines from The Pot Maker

These lines capture the central themes of passion, perseverance, mentorship, cultural heritage, and success in the story.

Part I

1. “Ever since Sentila became old enough to accompany her mother to the fields and forests, she began to dream of becoming a pot maker like her mother and grandmother.”

Why it is important: Introduces Sentila’s lifelong dream and passion for pottery.
Theme: Dreams and ambition.

2. “I shall not teach her pot making as it has brought no joy to me and only a pittance for my troubles.”

Why it is important: Reveals Arenla’s disappointment with her profession and explains her opposition to Sentila’s dream.
Theme: Hardships of traditional occupations.

3. “The regular tap, tap of the spatula on the clay was music to her ears.”

Why it is important: Shows Sentila’s deep love and fascination for pottery.
Theme: Passion and dedication.

4. “Skills such as pot making, which not only catered to the needs of the people but also symbolised the tradition and history of the people, did not ‘belong’ to any individual.”

Why it is important: Highlights the value of traditional skills as a shared cultural heritage.
Theme: Preservation of culture and tradition.

5. “Experts were obliged to pass on their skills not only to their own children but also to anyone who wished to learn.”

Why it is important: Emphasises the responsibility of preserving and sharing knowledge.
Theme: Education and continuity of traditions.

Part II

6. “The mother simply sat in a corner and watched the girl try again and again.”

Why it is important: Reflects Sentila’s perseverance and Arenla’s silent way of teaching.
Theme: Hard work and patience.

7. “Don’t worry, little one, I shall teach you how to make a perfect pot.”

Why it is important: Marks the turning point in Sentila’s journey and shows Onula’s kindness.
Theme: Guidance and encouragement.

8. “You are a quick learner and you will do well.”

Why it is important: Gives Sentila confidence and motivates her to continue learning.
Theme: Positive encouragement.

9. “Like a sprinter who had suddenly found momentum, she continued making pot after pot.”

Why it is important: Describes the moment when Sentila finally masters the skill.
Theme: Achievement through perseverance.

10. “Mother, I did not wish it to happen this way; it simply came to me. Please forgive me.”

Why it is important: Expresses Sentila’s grief, love, and emotional connection with her mother.
Theme: Love, loss, and gratitude.

11. “She could find nothing to tell one batch from the other.”

Why it is important: Shows that Sentila’s pots were as perfect as her mother’s.
Theme: Mastery and inheritance of skill.

12. “Slowly she walked away from this place of wonder, as she considered it to be, because she believed that she had just witnessed a profound revelation in the two batches of still moist pots, standing side by side in perfect symmetry inside the shed.
A new pot maker was born.”

Why it is important: The most significant line of the story. It symbolises Sentila’s transformation into a skilled artisan and the continuation of a cultural tradition.
Theme: Success, rebirth, and preservation of heritage.

Major Ethos in The Pot Maker

The story contains several ethos (moral values/principles) that guide the characters and the message of the narrative.

1. Perseverance Leads to Success

Sentila keeps trying to learn pottery despite repeated failures. Her determination finally helps her achieve her dream.

Textual Evidence:

• She continued watching potters and practising for years.
• She did not give up even after failing for almost a year.

2. Traditional Knowledge Must Be Preserved

The village elders believe that traditional skills are a community treasure and should be passed on to future generations.

Textual Evidence:

• “Skills such as pot making… symbolised the tradition and history of the people.”

3. Knowledge Should Be Shared

The story promotes the idea that experts have a responsibility to teach others rather than keep knowledge to themselves.

Textual Evidence:

• “Experts were obliged to pass on their skills…”

4. Encouragement Can Transform Lives

Onula’s support and guidance give Sentila the confidence she needs to succeed.

Textual Evidence:

• “Don’t worry, little one, I shall teach you how to make a perfect pot.”

5. Learning Requires Observation and Practice

The story shows that mastery comes not only from instruction but also from careful observation and continuous practice.

Textual Evidence:

• Sentila carefully observed her mother’s techniques and eventually mastered the craft.

6. Respect for Cultural Heritage

The community values pottery not merely as a profession but as a symbol of its identity, history, and culture.

Textual Evidence:

• The elders stress that the craft belongs to the people and represents their heritage.

Most Important Ethos

“One should follow one’s passion with perseverance, while preserving and passing on traditional knowledge to future generations.”

This single ethos captures the core message of the story.

Competency-Focused Learning Guide: The Pot Maker

1. Following One’s Passion

What to Understand

• Sentila’s dream was to become a pot maker despite obstacles.
• True interest motivates a person to work hard and learn.

Possible Questions

• Why did Sentila continue learning pottery despite difficulties?
• What does Sentila teach us about pursuing our goals?
• Was Sentila right in following her passion? Give reasons.

Guidance for Students

Whenever a question is based on dreams, goals, interests, or ambitions, mention:

• Passion
• Determination
• Hard work
• Commitment to one’s goal

2. Perseverance and Resilience

What to Understand

• Sentila failed repeatedly.
• She continued practising instead of quitting.
• Success came after years of effort.

Possible Questions

• How does the story highlight perseverance?
• What role did determination play in Sentila’s success?
• What lesson can students learn from Sentila’s struggles?

Student Guidance

For value-based questions, always connect:
Failure → Practice → Improvement → Success

3. Learning Through Observation

What to Understand

• Sentila learned by carefully watching expert potters.
• Observation helped her understand techniques that words alone could not teach.

Possible Questions

• How did observation help Sentila become a pot maker?
• Why is observation an important learning skill?

Student Guidance

Remember:
Learning does not happen only in classrooms. Careful observation is also a powerful learning tool.

4. Importance of Mentorship

What to Understand

• Arenla provided training.
• Onula provided confidence and encouragement.
• Both contributed to Sentila’s success.

Possible Questions

• How did Onula influence Sentila’s life?
• Explain the importance of guidance in achieving success.

Student Guidance

In answers, use words such as:

• Mentor
• Encouragement
• Confidence
• Support
• Guidance

5. Preservation of Traditional Skills

What to Understand

• Pottery is more than a profession.
• It represents culture, history, and identity.
• Skills should be passed to future generations.

Possible Questions

• Why were the village elders concerned?
• What does the story teach about traditional crafts?
• Explain the importance of preserving cultural heritage.

Student Guidance

Always mention:
Culture + Heritage + Tradition + Knowledge Transfer

These keywords strengthen answers.

6. Community Responsibility

What to Understand

• Traditional knowledge belongs to society, not individuals alone.
• Everyone has a duty to preserve valuable skills.

Possible Questions

• Why did the village council intervene?
• What responsibility do skilled people have towards society?

Student Guidance

Link your answer with:

• Social responsibility
• Community welfare
• Sharing knowledge

7. Parent–Child Perspectives

What to Understand

• Arenla and Sentila wanted different things.
• Both were acting out of genuine concern.
• Their conflict came from different viewpoints.

Possible Questions

• Why did Arenla want Sentila to learn weaving?
• Was Arenla against Sentila’s dream? Explain.

Student Guidance

Avoid calling Arenla selfish or unsupportive.
Instead explain:

• She cared for her daughter.
• She wanted financial security for her child.

This shows deeper understanding.

8. Growth Mindset

What to Understand

• Skills are developed through effort.
• Initial failure does not mean inability.
• Improvement comes with practice.

Possible Questions

• How does Sentila demonstrate a growth mindset?
• What message does the story give about learning new skills?

Student Guidance

Whenever the question involves learning or improvement, connect:
Practice + Patience + Persistence = Mastery

Key Tips for Tackling Any Competency-Based Question

If you are confused about a higher-order question from this lesson, connect your answer to one or more of these ideas:

Passion • Perseverance • Observation • Mentorship • Hard Work • Cultural Heritage • Knowledge Sharing • Self-Discovery

Almost every competency-based question in The Pot Maker can be answered effectively by linking it to these core ideas.

Word Meanings